Holocene SST reconstructions are more spatially complete durante the North Atlantic compared preciso other oceans, although still primarily limited preciso high sediment-accumulation-rate, near-shore basins. Pioneering research seeking esatto identify per long-term movimento mediante upper ocean temperatures focused on reconstructing SSTs for 9 and 6 ka, using planktonic foraminiferal assemblages ( Ruddiman and Mix, 1993 ). Calibration studies mediante the 1950s and 1960s had demonstrated that excretion groupings of planktonic Foraminifera are highly correlated to SST, per prime preciso salinity and ciotola-column nutrients ( Morey et al., 2005 ). Ruddiman and Mix (1993) found per niente discernible pattern of past SST variability con the North Atlantic and questioned both the methodology used for quantitative reconstructions and the age control associated with variable sediment-accumulation rates.
Per subsequent study of reconstructed summer SST for 6 ka, using per variety of methods (diatom assemblages, marine mollusks, and dinoflagellate cysts), found that warmer conditions (+ 1–4 °C correlative sicuro today) inundated the Norwegian Sea, Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay, Nares Strait, Davis Strait, Labrador Sea, and Greenland Sea during per time when summertime insolation was approximately 7% higher than today ( Kerwin et al. (1999) , and references therein). This tendenza of warmer-than-present SSTs during the early puro middle Holocene is perhaps best illustrated durante core MD952011 ( Depilato et al., 2002 ) from the Norwegian Sea where maximum SST warming (+ 2 ° C correlative preciso today) accompanied the Holocene Thermal Maximum between 8.6 and 5.5 ka, followed by a gradual cooling puro today’s temperatures.
A major breakthrough in Holocene paleoceanography was made with the development of alkenone paleothermometry in the 1980s ( Brassell et al., 1986 ). Alkenones are long-chained ketones synthesized as membrane lipids by certain kinds of algae that are well preserved in marine sediments (see Alkenone Paleothermometry Based on the Haptophyte Algae ). The alkenone unsaturation index U K 37 is considered to be a robust proxy for SST because the algal organisms synthesizing alkenones must live in the photic zone, where their growth temperature is closely tied to SST. By measuring the alkenone unsaturation ratio preserved in a wide array of marine-sediment cores, a detailed picture of past surface ocean conditions ).
Alkenone-based incontri sugar daddy for me SST reconstructions from seven high-accumulation sediment cores durante the North Atlantic (north of 35 ° N) and the western Mediterranean Sea spettacolo a cooling tendenza of 0.15–0.27 ° C per thousand years over the past 10 ka ( ). These records are significant in that they span per large dipartimento of the NE North Atlantic from 36° preciso 74 ° N latitude ( Figure 6 ). This surface ocean cooling inclinazione is also apparent in three non-alkenone reconstructions from the Labrador Sea and Iceland Basin ( Figure 7 ). Isotopic analyses (? 18 O) on two foraminiferal species, per combination with dinocyst assemblage giorno, suggest that SSTs have been cooling steadily since the early Holocene ( Solignac et al., 2004 ). These ? 18 Ovverosia records each spettacolo more high-frequency variability than the alkenone-derived records, likely because of the sensitivity of isotopes sicuro changes per sea-surface salinity as well as surface temperature ( Solignac et al., 2004 ).
From ) Apparent long-term cooling of the sea surface per the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 21: 455–583.
From Solignac S, de Vernal A, and Hillaire-) Holocene sea-surface conditions in the North Atlantic – contrasted trends and regimes per the western and eastern sectors (Labrador Sea vs. Iceland Basin). Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 319–334.
